Research
Latest published research we're tracking.
The newest skincare and haircare papers from PubMed, linked to the ingredients we decode. Summaries are the authors' own abstracts — we excerpt, attribute, and link out to the source.
130 papers under Contact allergy
Cosmetic Adverse Reactions and Prognostic Factors: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Wuhan, China.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing prevalence of cosmetic-related adverse reactions, their potential prognoses and associated risk factors have received limited attention within the medical community. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 7794 cases of cosmetics-related adverse reactions reported in Wuhan, China, from 2017 to 2023. Data were collected from multiple sources, including… Read on PubMed →
Derivation of a Point of Departure using NAMs for application in Quantitative Risk Assessment of fragrance materials.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP · 2026
Skin sensitization is a key endpoint for the safety assessment of topical consumer products. Ingredients with the potential to act as skin sensitizers differ markedly in their threshold for induction but can be used safely if their potency is characterized and exposure remains within an appropriate margin of safety. To this end, the fragrance industry co-developed Quantitative Risk Assessment… Read on PubMed →
Ten Years of Patch Testing to Hydroperoxides of Limonene and Linalool: Prevalence, Patterns and Clinical Insights.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Limonene and linalool are widely used fragrances in cosmetic and household products. Upon air exposure, they autoxidise into potent sensitisers - hydroperoxides of limonene (Lim-OOH) and linalool (Lin-OOH). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate patch test reactions to Lim-OOH and Lin-OOH, and associated characteristics, reaction patterns, including doubtful… Read on PubMed →
Benzyl Alcohol: Allergen of the Year 2026.
Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug · 2026
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol widely used as a preservative, solvent, and fragrance ingredient in personal care products, topical medications, and injectable formulations. Although generally considered safe, benzyl alcohol can cause allergic contact dermatitis, particularly with prolonged or repeated exposure. Despite its widespread use, benzyl alcohol is not included in many standard… Read on PubMed →
The Value of Patch Testing With Stoma Care Products Among Patients With an Ostomy.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Peristomal skin reactions due to irritant exposure are a common complication of ostomies, whereas contact allergy to stoma care products seems rare. However, knowledge is limited and predominantly based on a few case reports. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the prevalence of contact allergy to stoma care products and selected contact allergens. Furthermore, reactions were evaluated in… Read on PubMed →
To Avoid or Not to Avoid: Cross-Reactivity Between Fragrance and Common Botanicals.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Fragrance allergy is difficult to define, with thousands of known fragrance-related compounds. Whether certain botanicals should be considered 'fragrance' and whether fragrance-allergic patients should avoid these ingredients remains unclear, with minimal published data on the topic. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate whether there is cross-reactivity between fragrance and… Read on PubMed →
Propolis and Beeswax in Cosmetics: A Market Survey and Literature Review on Their Relationship and Role in Allergic Contact Dermatitis.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Cosmetics have been suggested as sources of exposure in patients with positive patch tests to propolis. It has also been proposed that beeswax in cosmetic products may cause allergic contact dermatitis due to contamination with propolis. OBJECTIVES: To assess how often propolis is listed in cosmetics and to review evidence on the propolis-beeswax relationship, including whether… Read on PubMed →
A scheme for the assessment and definition of tolerable uncertainty in read-across for toxicological data gap filling.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP · 2026
The transparency and explainability of uncertainties related to read-across predictions are critical for filling toxicological data gaps. As frameworks for evaluating read-across have become standardised, so has the identification and characterisation of the various types of uncertainty, particularly those related to chemical similarity. However, it has proven more challenging to assess overall… Read on PubMed →
Marked Impact of Regulatory Bans on Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde-Releaser-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study (1996-2024) From Turkey.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Formaldehyde (FA) and formaldehyde-releasers (FRs) are well-known causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Following the 2019 EU ban on FA and Quaternium-15 in cosmetics, stable or slightly decreasing sensitisation rates have been reported. In Turkey, both were banned in 2021. OBJECTIVES: To assess FA/FR sensitisation and ACD rates before and after the ban, and evaluate the role… Read on PubMed →
Application of a next generation risk assessment framework, integrated testing strategy defined approaches and read-across for evaluating the skin sensitization potency: Case studies with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 5,5'-oxydimethylenebis (2-furfural).
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP · 2026
Evaluating skin sensitization is crucial for the safety of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Regulatory bans on animal testing have spurred the development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS), and Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA). Defined Approaches (DAs) that combine various NAMs have been developed to assess skin sensitization hazards and potency, as… Read on PubMed →
Allergic Risk of Moisturising Cosmetic Products: A Study on the Composition of 300 Products Commercialised in Tunisia.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Moisturising cosmetic products (MCP) formulations may contain ingredients known to trigger allergic contact dermatitis. Claims such as 'hypoallergenic' or 'fragrance-free' are commonly used in marketing, yet these terms are not consistently regulated, potentially posing a risk for patients with allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the allergenic potential of moisturisers… Read on PubMed →
Repeated Exposure to Hydroperoxides of Linalool Induces Immunologically Verified Allergic Contact Dermatitis.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Fragrance allergens are a leading cause of contact allergy (CA). Linalool, common in cosmetics and household products, forms sensitising hydroperoxides (Lin-OOH) upon air exposure. Lin-OOH is linked to a high prevalence (3.9%-11.7%) of positive patch test results, but often gives rise to doubtful or irritant reactions. OBJECTIVES: To reassess patch test concentrations of Lin-OOH… Read on PubMed →
Patch Testing in Individuals With Diabetes Using Medical Devices. Part 1-Contact Allergy to Baseline Series Allergens.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of contact allergy in individuals with diabetes and diabetes medical device (MD) users is unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study (Part 1 and 2) aims at describing contact allergy prevalences in diabetes MD users. METHODS: Adults with type 1 diabetes from two endocrinology departments were patch tested with the Swedish baseline series (SBS) and a MD series. Contact allergies… Read on PubMed →
RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, eicosane, CAS Registry Number 112-95-8.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2026
Eicosane was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that eicosane is not genotoxic. Data on read-across analog heneicosane (CAS # 629-94-7) provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity endpoint. Data on… Read on PubMed →
Safety Assessment of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) - Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics.
International journal of toxicology · 2026
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 9 Zingiber officinale (ginger)-derived ingredients. The majority of these ingredients are reported to function in cosmetics as skin-conditioning agents. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing… Read on PubMed →
Safety Assessment of Salvia officinalis (Sage)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics.
International journal of toxicology · 2026
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 12 Salvia officinalis (Sage)-derived ingredients as used in cosmetic formulations. These ingredients are most commonly reported to function as skin conditioning agents and fragrance ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing the same constituents of concern… Read on PubMed →
RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, pentadecane, CAS Registry Number 629-62-9.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2026
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Pentadecane was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that pentadecane is not genotoxic and provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100… Read on PubMed →
Effect of Delgocitinib Cream on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Hand Eczema.
Contact dermatitis · 2026
BACKGROUND: Chronic Hand Eczema (CHE) is a multifactorial, fluctuating inflammatory disease of the hands and wrists that negatively impacts patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of delgocitinib cream versus cream vehicle on HRQoL. METHODS: DELTA 1 and DELTA 2 were phase 3 trials of identical design in which adults with moderate to severe CHE were… Read on PubMed →
The regression based defined approach for skin sensitization potency assessment based on NAM data from OECD accepted tests.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP · 2026
NAM for skin sensitization hazard assessment have been widely adopted and the research focus has moved to assess sensitization potency with these methods. Regression models for potency prediction with different combinations of input data and trained either vs. EC3 values from the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) or vs. potency values combining EC3 data and human evidence were developed before. These… Read on PubMed →
Toxicological perspectives on potential mixture toxicity of alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde and lilial in consumer products.
Toxicology mechanisms and methods · 2026
Alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde (HCA) and 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropanal (Lilial) are widely used synthetic fragrance aldehydes found in personal care and household products. Individually, HCA is primarily recognized as a weak skin sensitizer with mild cytotoxic potential, whereas Lilial has been classified as a Category 1B reproductive toxicant under the European Union Classification, Labeling… Read on PubMed →